Küreselleşme ve sanayileşme olgusu ile artan iktisadi faaliyetlerin olumlu etkilerinin yanı sıra ortaya koymuş olduğu negatif dışsallıklar dikkatleri insan ve ekonomi açısından oldukça önemli olan çevre konusuna çekmiştir. Çevre ekonomisinin iktisadi düşünceler tarihindeki yerinin incelenmesi çevre konusuna verilen önemin yüzyıllarca süregeldiğini ancak son yıllarda üzerinde oldukça tartışılması gereken bir konu haline dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Bu noktada kitabımızda çevre ekonomisinin geçmişini inceleyerek geleceğe ışık tutması açısından çevre sorunlarından kaynaklı dışsal maliyetlere uygulanan vergiler ve etkinliği üzerinde durulmuş, çevre ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma ilişkisi çeşitli göstergeler ve indekslerle açıklanmış, ekonomik büyüme ve dışa açıklığın çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkileri ile ekonomik büyüme ve çevre vergilerinin çevre kirliliğine olan etkisi Kyoto Protokolünün de göz önünde bulundurulduğu çeşitli ampirik modellerle analiz edilmiştir.

Underlying all these questions of right is the question how they are to be secured and maintained. By enforcing the responsibility of the executive and legislature to the community as a whole? Such is the general answer, and it indicates one of the lines of connection between the general theory of liberty and the doctrine of universal suffrage and the sovereignty of the people. The answer, however, does not meet all the possibilities of the case. The people as a whole might be careless of their rights and incapable of managing them. They might be set on the conquest of others, the expropriation of the rich, or on any form of collective tyranny or folly. It is perfectly possible that from the point of view of general liberty and social progress a limited franchise might give better results than one that is more extended. Even in this country it is a tenable view that the extension of the suffrage in 1884 tended for some years to arrest the development of liberty in various directions. On what theory does the principle of popular sovereignty rest, and within what limits does it hold good? Is it a part of the general principles of liberty and equality, or are other ideas involved? These are among the questions which we shall have to examine.

1. T. HOBHOUSE – 1911

The determinants of local government performance have long been of interest, and have been empirically investigated in a number of recent studies. A general question in this area is: why have some local governments across the countries achieved high rates of performance whilst the others remained at lower levels? Evidence from the relevant literature indicates that some local governments or municipalities, particularly in developed countries, achieve very good performance. Others, in particular those from underdeveloped or developing, have very little or almost no performance.

This research empirically investigates the budgeting conditions in North Cyprus and evaluate how budgeting conditions vary from one municipality to the other in the five major municipalities; Lefkosa, Magusa, Girne, Guzelyurt and Iskele over the period 2004Q1 to 2012Q4. Two types of methodologies are conducted. First; it empirically investigates the determinants of local government deficit by using cointegration techniques. The Johansen co-integration and The Vector Error Correction model (VECM) are applied to test the effect of each element such as own-source revenue, grants, expenditures and debt services on the budget deficit. Second, the study test the convergence hypothesis if similar regions within the country converge to the same long-run steady state by considering five major Cypriot municipalities in the North Cyprus economy.

The results from the empirical analysis on budget deficit findings show that there is evidence of a long-run relationship between general deficit and its determinants. The evidence of causality is found from expenditure and debt to general deficit for Lefkosa municipality. There is unidirectional causality from grant and revenue through deficit for Magusa municipality. Third empirical analysis on convergence introduced that the municipalities with the lowest number of people per staff, commonly diverge from the group mean.