La tentative littéraire et philosophique d’Albert Camus reste sûrement parmi les plus originales du XXème siècle.  En se donnant comme motif primordial de concevoir l’homme dans sa quête et son besoin du bonheur et la vie dans sa finitude, il se propose de fonder un nouvel humanisme libertaire, individuel, collectif et cosmique et ceci contre tout ce qui nie l’homme -absurde- en tendant à l’écraser.

Le fil conducteur de toute son oeuvre se rapporte ainsi à une lucidité tragique qui n’interdit pas l’exigence d’humanité.  Son souci est d’abord d’identifier l’inhumain et de dénoncer ensuite la tyrannie du mal et l’abondance du malheur qui ne se caractérisent que par l’absurde.  Il cherche donc à créer un certain ‘royaume de ce monde’, à fonder enfin l’humain sur les deux nouveaux concepts –révolte et amour- en proposant un nouvel humanisme méditerranéen’ inédit jusqu’alors.

The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.

The literary history, as I conceive it, is an account of one strand, so to speak, in a very complex tissue: it is connected with the intellectual and social development; it represents movements of thought which may sometimes check and be sometimes propitious to the existing forms of art; it is the utterance of a class which may represent, or fail to represent, the main national movement; it is affected more or less directly by all manner of religious, political, social, and economical changes; and it is dependent upon the occurrence of individual genius for which we cannot even profess to account. I propose to take the history of English literature in the eighteenth century. I do not aim at originality: I take for granted the ordinary critical judgments upon the great writers of whom so much has been said by judges certainly more competent than myself, and shall recall the same facts both of ordinary history and of the history of thought. What I hope is, that by bringing familiar facts together I may be able to bring out the nature of the connection between them; and, little as I can say that will be at all new, to illustrate one point of view, which, as I believe, it is desirable that literary histories should take into account more distinctly than they have generally done.

Postmodern literature and arts are not novel and pure, rather they represent and present a great challenge. They create an active medium for their followers as Roland Barthes tags postmodernism writerly “in that the reader frequently has to fill in gaps in the narrative, thus, in Barthes’ terms of reference, becoming part of the production of the textual meaning. Postmodern texts and arts enforce a sort of invention, imagination, and suspension for the reader. Postmodern literary fashion does not provide a fixed cultural status quo, yet it undermines the authority of an omniscient narrator and his dominance over the textual meaning. These features and many others that you will find throughout each chapter in this book make postmodern texts and art much more pleasurable and rewarding to study.