Economic cybercrime is one of the unwelcomed consequences of unprecedented intrusion of the Internet in our daily lives. Academic interest in understanding the causes and adverse impacts of cybercrime is growing. Opportunity perspective, which perceives individuals’ daily routines and lifestyles as the primary facilitator of victimization, has been widely applied as a theoretical and conceptual framework in cybercrime victimization research. However, this approach put the responsibility of the victimization on victims explicitly, which hampers the application of crime prevention and reduction efforts. This book presents the Contextual Vulnerabilities approach based on the significant findings of a doctoral study conducted at Durham University in the United Kingdom. Contextual vulnerabilities approach posits that cybercrime victimization is the outcome of the confluence of contextual factors that are mostly beyond victims’ control. This approach presumes that controlling individual (micro-level), macro-level and socio-cultural vulnerabilities may prevent cybercrime victimization. Though the preliminary goal of this book is to provide a new theoretical perspective to scholars researching victimization in cyberspace, I hope the wider audience would find it informative.

Dünya üzerindeki ülkeler ve politika yapıcılar bazı dönemlerde çeşitli krizlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bu krizler bazen yerel veya bölgesel çapta etkili olurken bazen de küresel boyutta bir yayılmayla birlikte; gelişmiş, gelişmekte olan veya gelişmemiş tüm ülkeleri etkisi altına alabilmektedirler. Bazen bu krizler, alınan birtakım tedbirlerle birlikte kısa süre içerisinde çözüme kavuşturulabilirken, bazen de uygulanmaya çalışılan tüm seçeneklere rağmen kısa süre de çözüme kavuşturulamamakta ve buna bağlı olarak da müzmin bir hal almaktadırlar. Karşılaşılan sorunların benzer ve ortak nitelikler taşıması, bazı ülkelerin sorunların çözümüne yönelik en iyi örnek uygulamaları sunması da, diğer ülkelerin bu uygulamaları incelemesi ve “taklit” veya “öykünmeden”, “ders çıkarmaya” kadar uzanan bir yelpazede faydalanmalarına olanak sağlamıştır. Politika transferi ve ilişkili olan diğer kavramlar işte tam da bu noktada ortaya çıkmaktadırlar…

This book is about economic growth and development through a new way of analysis. It is a research that explains many phenomena seen in the growth process such as productivity, economic stagnation, under-investment, ineffectiveness of foreign aid, wage trends, factor flows and concentrations, technology adoption, and convergence by “relational analysis”.

Relational analysis is a general alternative analysis that focuses on the relationships between factors and uses their vital consequences to extract knowledge rather than ignore them artificially and fatally. It emphasizes that there are important interrelationships between factors such as complementarity, substitution, embodiment, directing, input-output, and facilitation. Taking into account the relations enable to get more complete and accurate answers to important questions, especially in applied works that require real predictions such as forecasting and policy formulation. The analysis can be fruitfully applied in any field, and as the growth analysis shows it fundamentally enriches the ideas, and protect from misleading assumptions.

In the book the readers will find:

– Origins and alternative definitions of complementarity and substitutions,

– Eleven implications of these relationships for economic growth and development,

– Many explanations and references for inferences regarding growth accounting, poverty traps and thresholds, multiple eqilibria, obsolescence, financial development, growth accelerations, imitations and barriers, and empirical anaysis.

The book is for anyone looking for an alternative way to learn about the basics of the growth process. Researchers, students, and staffs at universities and research institutions and other social scientists in government, business, international organizations should greatly benefit from reading the book.