Finans dünyası çok hızlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. Değişimi güdüleyen başlıca güçler ise yeni teknolojilerin gelişimi ve dünya çapında finansal bağlantıların artmasıdır. İletişim maliyetlerindeki azalma, bu değişimlerin birçoğunu motive etmiştir.

Yıllardır nakit para yerine başka ödeme yöntemleri (çek, kredi kartı gibi) kullanılmaktadır. Fakat şimdi İnternet üzerinde yapılan elektronik ticaretin ortaya çıkması ile bu yöntemlerin yeterince etkin olmadıkları görünmektedir. Bu nedenle yeni elektronik ödeme sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Tüketicilere, İnternet üzerinden güvenli alışveriş yapmaları için çeşitli elektronik ödeme sistemleri sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı modeller, banknot ve bozukluk para için direkt bir ikame olan ve akıllı kartlar üzerinde saklanan sanal para sağlamaktadırlar.

Sanal para ile gerçekleştirilen ödeme sistemlerinin gelişiminin sunduğu müthiş fırsatların yanında, kara para aklama, vergiden kaçınma ve senyoraj kayıpları gibi birçok yasal sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir.

The determinants of local government performance have long been of interest, and have been empirically investigated in a number of recent studies. A general question in this area is: why have some local governments across the countries achieved high rates of performance whilst the others remained at lower levels? Evidence from the relevant literature indicates that some local governments or municipalities, particularly in developed countries, achieve very good performance. Others, in particular those from underdeveloped or developing, have very little or almost no performance.

This research empirically investigates the budgeting conditions in North Cyprus and evaluate how budgeting conditions vary from one municipality to the other in the five major municipalities; Lefkosa, Magusa, Girne, Guzelyurt and Iskele over the period 2004Q1 to 2012Q4. Two types of methodologies are conducted. First; it empirically investigates the determinants of local government deficit by using cointegration techniques. The Johansen co-integration and The Vector Error Correction model (VECM) are applied to test the effect of each element such as own-source revenue, grants, expenditures and debt services on the budget deficit. Second, the study test the convergence hypothesis if similar regions within the country converge to the same long-run steady state by considering five major Cypriot municipalities in the North Cyprus economy.

The results from the empirical analysis on budget deficit findings show that there is evidence of a long-run relationship between general deficit and its determinants. The evidence of causality is found from expenditure and debt to general deficit for Lefkosa municipality. There is unidirectional causality from grant and revenue through deficit for Magusa municipality. Third empirical analysis on convergence introduced that the municipalities with the lowest number of people per staff, commonly diverge from the group mean.

International Security and Terrorism analyses contemporary issues in international orders. This book assesses the terrorist attacks which were organised in African, Asian, European and Middle Eastern countries in detail. Therefore, it provides a comprehensive understanding for academics, practitioners, researchers, students and readers who are interested in international security and terrorism. It utilises data about casualties, attack types and countries that exposed terrorism. The book critically examines terrorism, traditional counter-terrorism tactics, securitisation and the new terrorism. It focuses on religiously-motivated terrorist groups, e.g. al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram and al-Shabaab.

Aytaç Kadıoğlu is an assistant professor of politics and international relations at the Middle East Institute, Sakarya University. Kadıoğlu received his BA at Istanbul University, MA in International Relations at the University of Leicester and Ph.D. in International Relations at the University of Nottingham. His expertise includes security studies, conflict resolution, international terrorism and counter-terrorism studies.