This book is written for the students of undergraduate and graduate programs of Business and Economics departments as well as for the academic researchers. It is designed especially for the students and researchers who do not have strong mathematics or statistics background. It encompasses basic to advance time series data analysis tools. Special focus is given to applications and interpretations of the results.

Globalization and related technological developments have increased competition and put organizations in a struggle to survive in an extremely difficult market condition. Organizations adopt their technologies and infrastructures to today’s conditions to gain a sustainable competitive advantage and maintain their existence. However, all these efforts of organizations are easily imitated by rival companies and may cause the loss of competitive advantage.

The resource-based view provides additional information that strategic human resource is the scarce, valuable, inimitable and non-substitutable resources of organizations, thus enabling them to gain a competitive advantage. According to this view, the competitive advantage of the organization is achieved by combining valuable internal resources. Nowadays, sustainable competitive advantage is provided not by environmental factors or physical capital but by human capital (employees) efficiency. In this context, the attitudes and behaviors of employees who make up human resources are important for their organizational success. Many studies emphasize that positive attitudes and behaviors (e.g. innovative work behavior, work engagement, job satisfaction) in employees have important contributions to the success of the organization, while similarly negative attitudes and behaviors (e.g. organizational silence, turnover intention) are one of the main reasons for the failure of the organization.

In our book, literature has been created on the definition, antecedents, and organizational results of new and current concepts that are newly conceptualized in the literature and are still in their infancy. It is considered that this cumulative literature within the book will be a source for future studies on these subjects and will provide important insights for practitioners.

Finansal piyasalarda risk ölçüsü olarak kullanılan Riske Maruz Değer (VaR), belirli bir zaman periyodunda ve güven düzeyinde elde tutulan portföyün uğrayacağı maksimum kaybı para miktarı olarak ifade eder. VaR, portföyün mümkün kayıplarının istatistiksel ölçüsünü özetleyen tek bir rakam olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle, yönetici kadrolarının ortaya çıkan tek bir rakama bakarak riskin karşılanabilir olup olmadığına dair karar almalarına yardımcı olmakta, dolayısıyla riskten korunmalarını sağlamaktadır. Finansal raporlarda sunulma zorunluğu bulunan VaR, piyasalarda faaliyet gösteren kurumlar tarafından da geniş kabul görmektedir.

Bu kitap finansal risk ölçümünde kullanılan VaR hesaplama yöntemlerini hem teorik hem de uygulamalı olarak ele almaktadır. Ayrıca bölüm sonlarında yer alan VaR uygulamalarına ait R kodları kitabın sonunda okuyucuya sunulmaktadır. Kitapta bulunan konular ana başlıklar ile aşağıdaki gibidir:

–      Risk Kavramı ve Ölçülmesi

–      Riske Maruz Değer (VaR)

–      Tutarlı Risk Ölçülerinin Özellikleri

–      Koşullu VaR

–      Varyans-Kovaryans Yaklaşımı

–      Tarihi Simülasyon Yaklaşımı

–      Monte Carlo Yaklaşımı

–      Hareketli Ortalamalarla Volatilile Modeli

–      Geriye Dönük Test

–      R Ugyulama Kodları