At the beginning of the 20^th century, a significant mystery for researchers in fields such as archaeology, history, linguistics, and theology began to unravel with the discovery of Manichean written records in Central Asia and Upper Egypt. While Manichean texts were composed in various languages, the largest body of religious writings was primarily in Middle Iranian languages. Following Bögü Kagan’s conversion, many of these texts in Central Asia were translated into Old Uyghur, predominantly from Middle Iranian sources. This study explores the origins of the Manichean script and provides a comparative analysis of its development and paleographic characteristics across Parthian, Middle Persian, Sogdian, and Old Uyghur. Additionally, evaluations of certain paleographic features in the Manichean script have been incorporated into the study.

This book examines how Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, H. G. Wells’s The Island of Dr. Moreau, and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World represent groundbreaking milestones in British apocalyptic literature, urging readers to recognize their lasting significance and influence. It illustrates how developments in science and technology from 1818 to 1932 bring humanity closer to a fictional apocalypse. Using this idea as a starting point, this book discusses how the hubris inherent in individuals pursuing scientific and technological advancements in the name of perfection is a mere pretext under which the true power dynamics are hidden, ultimately leading to an inescapable apocalypse. In these novels, the potential for apocalypse is revealed through the ‘mad scientist’ trope, which is closely tied to advancements in science and technology. It is this trope that accelerates the impending apocalypse through uncontrollable scientific experiments or a deep yearning for absolute power, both of which are what totalitarian ideologies require. In either case, at the core of these concerns lies one central idea that this book emphasises— the renunciation of humanity’s security and peace in exchange for much power by the powerful.