20. yüzyılın başından itibaren, öğrenme-öğretme anlayışımızı şekillendiren sayısız pedagojik kaynak ve bilimsel veri üretilmiştir. Öğrenme hakkında 100 yıl öncesine göre çok daha fazla bilgimiz olduğu açıktır. Ancak bilgi sınıflara aktarılamadığı, öğrencilerin hayatına dokunamadığı sürece değer kazanmaz. Bu anlamda, ‘öğretmenler bu bilgileri ne kadar uygulamaya koyabilmektedir? sorusu önem kazanmaktadır. Eğitim araştırmalarının kayda değer bir çoğunluğu bu soruyu cevaplamaya uğraşmaktadır. Cevabı bulma çabalarının devam edeceği konusunda elimizde güçlü kanıtlar da vardır. Amerikalı eğitim psikoloğu Spencer Kagan, yapısal yaklaşımıyla bu temel soruya uygulamada karşılığı olan bir cevap üretmiştir. Kagan yapıları, işbirlikli öğrenme konusunda teoriği pratiğe başarılı bir şekilde aktarabileceğimiz etkili bir çözüm sunmaktadır.

Bu kitap, Spencer Kagan tarafından geliştirilen ve işbirlikli öğrenme tekniklerinin önemli bir bölümünü temsil eden Kagan’ın İşbirlikli Öğrenme Yapıları’nı merkeze almaktadır. Kagan tarafından 280’in üzerinde yapı geliştirilmiştir. Giriş niteliğindeki böylesine bir çalışmada yapıların tamamını ele almak mümkün görünmemektedir. Bu nedenle kitap, Kagan’ın Yapısal Yaklaşımı’nı tanıtan genel bir çerçeve sunmakta; araştırmalarda ve eğitim uygulamalarında öne çıkan bazı yapıları tanıtmakta; eğitimcilere ve araştırmacılara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülen ilgili araştırmaları tematik bir bakış açısıyla serimlemektedir.

The profession of teaching has long been characterised by certain habitual convictions, which Spencer undertook to shake rudely, and even to deride. The first of these convictions is that all education, physical, intellectual, and moral, must be authoritative, and need take no account of the natural wishes, tendencies, and motives of the ignorant and undeveloped child. The second dominating conviction is that to teach means to tell, or show, children what they ought to see, believe, and utter. Expositions by the teacher and books are therefore the true means of education. The third and supreme conviction is that the method of education which produced the teacher himself and the contemporary or earlier scholars, authors, and publicists, must be the righteous and sufficient method. Its fruits demonstrate its soundness, and make it sacred. Herbert Spencer, in the essays included in the present volume, assaulted all three of these firm convictions. Accordingly, the ideas on education which he put forth more than fifty years ago have penetrated educational practice very slowly particularly in England; but they are now coming to prevail in most civilised countries, and they will prevail more and more. Through him, the thoughts on education of Comenius, Montaigne, Locke, Milton, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and other noted writers on this neglected subject are at last winning their way into practice, with the modifications or adaptations which the immense gains of the human race in knowledge and power since the nineteenth century opened have shown to be wise.

Charles W. Eliot.

1910

In undertaking to treat of Aristotle as the expounder of ancient educational ideas, I might, with Kapp’s Aristoteles’ Staatspaedagogik before me, have made my task an easy one. I might simply have presented in an orderly way and with a little commentary, what is to be found on the subject of education in his various works—Politics, Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, etc. I had two reasons, however, for not adopting this course: (1) that this work had been done, better than I could do it, in the treatise referred to, and (2) that a mere restatement of what Aristotle says on education would hardly have shown his relation to ancient pedagogy as a whole. I therefore judged it better, by tracing briefly the whole history of Greek education up to Aristotle and down from Aristotle, to show the past which conditioned his theories and the future which was conditioned by them. Only thus, it seemed to me, could his teachings be seen in their proper light. And I have found that this method has many advantages, of which I may mention one. It has enabled me to show the close connection that existed at all times between Greek education and Greek social and political life, and to present the one as the reflection of the other. And this is no small advantage, since it is just from its relation to the whole of life that Greek education derives its chief interest for us. We can never, indeed, return to the purely political education of the Greeks; they themselves had to abandon that, and, since then,

A boundless hope has passed across the earth—

a hope which gives our education a meaning and a scope far wider than any that the State aims at; but in these days, when the State and the institution which embodies that hope are contending for the right to educate, it cannot but aid us in settling their respective claims, to follow the process by which they came to have distinct claims at all, and to see just what these mean. This process, the method which I have followed has, I hope, enabled me, in some degree, to bring into clearness. This, at all events, has been one of my chief aims.

…

THOMAS DAVIDSON

“Glenmore,”

Keene, Essex Co., N.Y.

October, 1891.