The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.

Klasik Türk Şiiri sahasında kullanılmış her bir nazım şeklinin elde bulunan hemen tüm divanların taranması suretiyle incelenip tarihsel seyrinin ortaya konması, edebiyat tarihimizin bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi açısından oldukça zaruridir. Altı yüz yıllık tarihi geçmişe sahip Klasik Türk şiirinin asırları aşıp günümüze kadar gelen her bir nazım şeklini biçim ve muhteva bakımından ayrı ayrı değerlendirerek ortaya çıkarmak, bu sahaya gönlünü ve ömrünü vermiş birçok araştırmacının ortak arzusudur. Bu arzu neticesinde bu çalışmamızda, tamamen millî bir nazım biçimi olarak kabul gören tuyuğ nazım şeklinin biçimsel ve tarihsel serüvenini, tespit edilen yaklaşık 1500 tuyuğu da çalışmaya katmak suretiyle ortaya koymaya çalıştık.

THE translations given in this volume, with the exception of the stormscene from Tolstoy in the First Lecture, are my own. The reader will please bear in mind that these Lectures, printed here exactly as delivered, were written with a view to addressing the ear as well as the eye, otherwise the book would have been entirely different from what it now is. When delivering the Sixth Lecture, I read extracts from Tolstoy’s “My Religion” and “What to Do,” illustrating every position of his I there commend; but for reasons it is needless to state, I omit them in the book. I can only hope that the reader will all the more readily go to the books themselves.

1889. P. GRAFTON, MASS., 1 July, 1889.