The determinants of local government performance have long been of interest, and have been empirically investigated in a number of recent studies. A general question in this area is: why have some local governments across the countries achieved high rates of performance whilst the others remained at lower levels? Evidence from the relevant literature indicates that some local governments or municipalities, particularly in developed countries, achieve very good performance. Others, in particular those from underdeveloped or developing, have very little or almost no performance.

This research empirically investigates the budgeting conditions in North Cyprus and evaluate how budgeting conditions vary from one municipality to the other in the five major municipalities; Lefkosa, Magusa, Girne, Guzelyurt and Iskele over the period 2004Q1 to 2012Q4. Two types of methodologies are conducted. First; it empirically investigates the determinants of local government deficit by using cointegration techniques. The Johansen co-integration and The Vector Error Correction model (VECM) are applied to test the effect of each element such as own-source revenue, grants, expenditures and debt services on the budget deficit. Second, the study test the convergence hypothesis if similar regions within the country converge to the same long-run steady state by considering five major Cypriot municipalities in the North Cyprus economy.

The results from the empirical analysis on budget deficit findings show that there is evidence of a long-run relationship between general deficit and its determinants. The evidence of causality is found from expenditure and debt to general deficit for Lefkosa municipality. There is unidirectional causality from grant and revenue through deficit for Magusa municipality. Third empirical analysis on convergence introduced that the municipalities with the lowest number of people per staff, commonly diverge from the group mean.

In this book, we attempt to make a comparative evaluation of modern macroeconomic schools: Monetarism and New Classical School based on the Classical System that envisage automatic full employment or natural rate of unemployment (NRU) equilibrium (AFNE or ANRUE) vs. New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics based on the Keynesian System which gives unemployment equilibrium (UNE) or non-automatic NRU equilibrium (NANRUE) due to insufficiency of aggregate demand.

In order to determine which school is relevant, first the basic assumptions of these systems are compared: i) rational vs. adjusted vs. heterogeneous expectations, ii) existence of perfect competition in all markets leading to flexibility of prices and wages vs. imperfect competition giving rise to rigidities, and iii) presence or lack of coordination between markets.

In the final phase of our evaluations the performance of the developed economies are surveyed to establish whether we meet with AFNE or ANRUE or else UNE or NANRUE; and whether policy prescriptions devised by respective schools solve or alleviate the problem at hand when implemented.

Our investigations point out that New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian schools are more relevant compared to Monetarism and New Classical School. The choice between New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics, however, is more difficult to make although New Keynesian Economics seems more widespread than Post-Keynesian Economics. Objectively, Post-Keynesian assumptions seem more realistic; normatively, however, New Keynesian stands seems more fit to the present day move towards globalization.

Çağdaş maliyet yöntemleri, küreselleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte, yoğun rekabet ortamında hızla değişen müşteri istek ve beklentileri karşısında ürün ve hizmet maliyetlerini daha doğru ve sağlıklı hesaplamak amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Çağdaş maliyetleme yöntemlerinden kaizen maliyetleme yönteminde ise, maliyetleri minimize etmenin yanında ürünlerde kalite artışı ve üretim yönetim sistemlerinin de geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. İşletmelerin kaizen maliyetleme yöntemini uygulayabilmeleri için gereken temel şart, mevcut durumun yetersiz görülmesi ile bu durumdan daha ileri bir duruma ulaşmanın hedeflenmesidir. Ayrıca kaizen maliyetleme yönteminin işletmelerde uygulamaya konulabilmesi için bu yöntemin işletmenin her kademesindeki bütün çalışanlar tarafından takım çalışmalarıyla uygulanması gerekmektedir.

Bu kitapta, çağdaş maliyet yöntemleri tanıtıldıktan sonra kaizen kavramı ile kaizen kavramının uygulanması ayrıntılı olarak anlatılmakta, kaizen uygulamanın faydaları belirtilmektedir. Çağdaş maliyet yöntemlerinden kaizen maliyetleme yöntemi, kaizen maliyetleme yöntemini başarıyla uygulayan Japon otomobil firması Daihatsu’da sistemin işleyişi ve kaizen maliyetleme süreci bir örnek yardımıyla ayrıntılı bir şekilde tanıtılmaktadır ve günümüze gelinceye kadar ki kaizen maliyetleme yöntemleri ile ilgili literatür taraması yapılmaktadır.