In this book, we attempt to make a comparative evaluation of modern macroeconomic schools: Monetarism and New Classical School based on the Classical System that envisage automatic full employment or natural rate of unemployment (NRU) equilibrium (AFNE or ANRUE) vs. New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics based on the Keynesian System which gives unemployment equilibrium (UNE) or non-automatic NRU equilibrium (NANRUE) due to insufficiency of aggregate demand.

In order to determine which school is relevant, first the basic assumptions of these systems are compared: i) rational vs. adjusted vs. heterogeneous expectations, ii) existence of perfect competition in all markets leading to flexibility of prices and wages vs. imperfect competition giving rise to rigidities, and iii) presence or lack of coordination between markets.

In the final phase of our evaluations the performance of the developed economies are surveyed to establish whether we meet with AFNE or ANRUE or else UNE or NANRUE; and whether policy prescriptions devised by respective schools solve or alleviate the problem at hand when implemented.

Our investigations point out that New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian schools are more relevant compared to Monetarism and New Classical School. The choice between New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics, however, is more difficult to make although New Keynesian Economics seems more widespread than Post-Keynesian Economics. Objectively, Post-Keynesian assumptions seem more realistic; normatively, however, New Keynesian stands seems more fit to the present day move towards globalization.

Yazar bu kitapta Orta Doğu, Orta Asya ve Afrika’daki birçok kronik sorunu masaya yatırmış, derinden irdelemiş, konu hakkında bilgiler sunmuş ve dönem dönem var olan problemlere çözüm olarak kendi şahsi yorumlarını da eklemiştir. Söz konusu bu büyük coğrafyadaki sorunların, çatışmaların, gelişmelerin tarihsel dönüşüm ve toplumsal değişimlerin akademik prensiplere uygunluğunun yanı sıra açıklamalarını da sade bir üslupla dile getirmesi, başta öğrencilerimiz olmak üzere bölgedeki gelişmelere ilgi duyanların başvuracağı değerli bir kaynak haline getirmiştir.

Prof. Dr. Bayram KAYA

The book “Digital Transformation in Banking Industry – Financial Security, Audit and Business Perspective” explores the effect of digital transformation on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime by focusing on digital Know Your Client (eKYC), artificial intelligence in AML, crypto currency, and virtual assets by drawing attention on ongoing compliance challenges in “virtual assets era”. Furthermore, it explores Fintechs and future of conventional banking as well as remote auditing in banking industry.

This edition explores Fintechs and the future of conventional banking. This is to examine the Fintech structures that have recently gained great importance in the world and to evaluate the possible effects of the developments on traditional banking in the future. Considering the innovations that Fintech structures bring to payment systems, their impact on credit markets and the structure of blockchain-linked contracts, it is expected that they will have greater effects on the financial system in the future. In this context, the book analysis the effects of these structures on traditional banking by including the recent literature on the subject.

Remote auditing is one of the common methods that is suitable for today’s world with its flexible and technology-based structure. In our book we have dedicated a chapter which explores remote auditing (also known as virtual audit) and challenges as well as advantages of applying it.

A chapter is dedicated to AML Programs in Banking Industry in Covid-19 Era, which identifies challenges, good practices, and policy reactions to new ML/TF risks which can be also defined as financial security risks arising during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and due to impact of digital transformation in banking industry.

A special attention is dedicated to the artificial intelligence in AML structures in banking and the role of artificial intelligence for detecting money laundering cases by decreasing the number of “false alerts” and increasing the quality of “real matches”. The book explores the role of artificial intelligence on increasing the efficiency and decreasing the manual work on daily basis for AML Compliance Officers.

The book explores virtual currency and blockchain by identifying ongoing compliance challenges from decentralized platforms, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchangers, anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrencies, and “jurisdictional arbitrage” (the ability of criminal actors to route their activity through countries with weak AML/CFT regimes). Blockchain/ Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) applications aside, certain properties of Virtual Currencies (including VCs associated with Initial Coin Offering – ICOs) entail special Financial Crimes Compliance (FCC) risks, some of which are detailed in our book.

Nowadays the Digital Identity (DI) services help financial institutions, especially banking industry, to offer several services efficiently and properly to their clients. By keeping this in mind, the measures for Covid-19, offering services in distance remains the best solution in the market. The DI provides provable and sharable identity, which is particularly important when on-boarding clients but also has a key protection role to play when users are transacting. In our book we have dedicated a chapter related to digital ID system and eKYC.

We believe this edition contributes to current literature for the effect of digital transformation in banking industry from the financial security, audit and business perspective and it is important for compliance officers and bankers, policy makers, strategists, academics, students, and professionals in the field of compliance.

Dünya üzerindeki ülkeler ve politika yapıcılar bazı dönemlerde çeşitli krizlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bu krizler bazen yerel veya bölgesel çapta etkili olurken bazen de küresel boyutta bir yayılmayla birlikte; gelişmiş, gelişmekte olan veya gelişmemiş tüm ülkeleri etkisi altına alabilmektedirler. Bazen bu krizler, alınan birtakım tedbirlerle birlikte kısa süre içerisinde çözüme kavuşturulabilirken, bazen de uygulanmaya çalışılan tüm seçeneklere rağmen kısa süre de çözüme kavuşturulamamakta ve buna bağlı olarak da müzmin bir hal almaktadırlar. Karşılaşılan sorunların benzer ve ortak nitelikler taşıması, bazı ülkelerin sorunların çözümüne yönelik en iyi örnek uygulamaları sunması da, diğer ülkelerin bu uygulamaları incelemesi ve “taklit” veya “öykünmeden”, “ders çıkarmaya” kadar uzanan bir yelpazede faydalanmalarına olanak sağlamıştır. Politika transferi ve ilişkili olan diğer kavramlar işte tam da bu noktada ortaya çıkmaktadırlar…