Postmodern literature and arts are not novel and pure, rather they represent and present a great challenge. They create an active medium for their followers as Roland Barthes tags postmodernism writerly “in that the reader frequently has to fill in gaps in the narrative, thus, in Barthes’ terms of reference, becoming part of the production of the textual meaning. Postmodern texts and arts enforce a sort of invention, imagination, and suspension for the reader. Postmodern literary fashion does not provide a fixed cultural status quo, yet it undermines the authority of an omniscient narrator and his dominance over the textual meaning. These features and many others that you will find throughout each chapter in this book make postmodern texts and art much more pleasurable and rewarding to study.

The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.

19. yüzyıldan bir asır evvel Avrupa’da sanatlar bilimden ayrılmış ve “güzel sanatlar” nevi şahsına münhasır bir kategoride konumlandırılmıştı. Dahası Estetik, bir bilim olarak tartışılmaya başlanmıştı. Tek kelimeyle, büyük harfle “Sanat” ve “Estetik” doğmuştu. Bugün kıta Avrupası ve Amerika’daki nitelikli felsefi dergilerin tartışmalarıyla güncelliğini devam ettiren estetik ve sanat felsefesinin vardığı noktadan hatta sanatın sonunun dile getirildiği bir zaviyeden bakıldığında Guyau’nun sanat, bilim ve şiire ilişkin yaklaşımlarının eskidiği görülebilir. Yine de Guyau’nun fikirlerini okurken değindiği meselelerin aynı dönemde birçok kişi tarafından ele alındığını hatırda tutmak gereklidir. Ancak böylesi karşılıklı bir okuma Guyau’nun bize hikemi gelen yaklaşımlarının değerini ifade edebilir. Bunun için de 19. asırdan beri basınımızda ifadesini bulan estetik ve sanata dair çevirilerin yaygınlaşması gerçekleşmesini arzu ettiğimiz bir temenni olmuştur. Elinizdeki kitap bu temenniyle aktarılmıştır.