Adam Smith, with “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” published in 1776 is unanimously hailed as the founder of economics as a social science and also of “economic liberalism” or “capitalism” as it is called to contrast it with “socialism”, the latter propagated by K. Marx at a later date.

The group of economists that followed A.Smith, including such notable names as D.Ricardo, N.W.Senior, John Stuart Mill, culminating in Alfred Marshall (1890: Principles of Economics) is called the “Classical School” or alternately the “Manchester School” to refer to their place of origin. Their macroeconomic system is called the “Classical System”. Having accepted the Malthusian law of population (T.Robert Malthus: 1798 Essays on the Principle of Population) D. Ricardo had come up with a model in which growth eventually comes to a halt, moving to that point, however, all along at full employment equilibrium.This was also in line with the views of Adam Smith. Marshall had introduced the concept of elasticities and used the partial method of analysis. In contrast, Leon Walras, in his “Eléments d’Economie Pure ou Theorie de La Richesse Sociale” used the general equilibrium approach to prove that the economy arrives automatically to full employment equilibrium, following Adam Smith and the Classical School.

This book offers a summary of the basic views and conclusions of Adam Smith concerning economic regime, as is also followed by the rest of the members of the Classical School: In a milieu of perfect competition prevailing in all the markets or sectors of the economy, including the labor market, full employment equilibrium will be achieved automatically. This equilibrium will, therefore, also maximize the welfare of the workers because the market wage rate, with no intrusions from the government or the unions, will have ensured full employment. Hence, there is no need for interventionism, that is, for the state to intervene prices, wages, channeling of investments and economic decisions in general.

This book is about economic growth and development through a new way of analysis. It is a research that explains many phenomena seen in the growth process such as productivity, economic stagnation, under-investment, ineffectiveness of foreign aid, wage trends, factor flows and concentrations, technology adoption, and convergence by “relational analysis”.

Relational analysis is a general alternative analysis that focuses on the relationships between factors and uses their vital consequences to extract knowledge rather than ignore them artificially and fatally. It emphasizes that there are important interrelationships between factors such as complementarity, substitution, embodiment, directing, input-output, and facilitation. Taking into account the relations enable to get more complete and accurate answers to important questions, especially in applied works that require real predictions such as forecasting and policy formulation. The analysis can be fruitfully applied in any field, and as the growth analysis shows it fundamentally enriches the ideas, and protect from misleading assumptions.

In the book the readers will find:

– Origins and alternative definitions of complementarity and substitutions,

– Eleven implications of these relationships for economic growth and development,

– Many explanations and references for inferences regarding growth accounting, poverty traps and thresholds, multiple eqilibria, obsolescence, financial development, growth accelerations, imitations and barriers, and empirical anaysis.

The book is for anyone looking for an alternative way to learn about the basics of the growth process. Researchers, students, and staffs at universities and research institutions and other social scientists in government, business, international organizations should greatly benefit from reading the book.

ÖNSÖZ’den

Yönetimde karar verme günümüzde otel işletmeleri için de birinci derecede önem taşıyan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Nitekim bazı bilim insanları, yönetim ile karar verme sürecini, eş anlamda tutacak kadar ileri gitmişlerdir. Çünkü yönetici, yönetimdeki planlama, örgütleme, yöneltme, koordinasyon ve denetim işlevlerini yerine getirirken sürekli bir biçimde karar alma durumundadır. Diğer bir ifade ile karar verme, ayrı bir yönetim faaliyeti olmaktan çok, bütün yönetim faaliyetlerine temel teşkil eden bir unsurdur. Karar verme, bir sorunun çözümüne ilişkin olası yollardan en uygun olanın seçilmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Herhangi bir konuda karar verme yönetimin özüdür, esasıdır.

Yönetim sürecinin niteliği karar verme süreci tarafından belirlenir. Yönetim sürecinin tüm diğer nitelikleri karar vermeye bağlıdır; karar verme ile örülmüş, bütünleşmiştir. Karar vermek, sorunu çözmek için yöneticinin yargıda bulunmasıdır. Yönetim, kararla başlar, kararla biter.