The art of teaching grew up in the schoolroom, out of inventiveness and sympathetic concrete observation. Even where (as in the case of Herbart) the advancer of the art was also a psychologist, the pedagogics and the psychology ran side by side, and the former was not derived in any sense from the latter. The two were congruent, but neither was subordinate. And so everywhere the teaching must agree with the psychology, but need not necessarily be the only kind of teaching that would so agree; for many diverse methods of teaching may equally well agree with psychological laws.

To know psychology, therefore, is absolutely no guarantee that we shall be good teachers. To advance to that result, we must have an additional endowment altogether, a happy tact and ingenuity to tell us what definite things to say and do when the pupil is before us. That ingenuity in meeting and pursuing the pupil, that tact for the concrete situation, though they are the alpha and omega of the teacher’s art, are things to which psychology cannot help us in the least.

In undertaking to treat of Aristotle as the expounder of ancient educational ideas, I might, with Kapp’s Aristoteles’ Staatspaedagogik before me, have made my task an easy one. I might simply have presented in an orderly way and with a little commentary, what is to be found on the subject of education in his various works—Politics, Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, etc. I had two reasons, however, for not adopting this course: (1) that this work had been done, better than I could do it, in the treatise referred to, and (2) that a mere restatement of what Aristotle says on education would hardly have shown his relation to ancient pedagogy as a whole. I therefore judged it better, by tracing briefly the whole history of Greek education up to Aristotle and down from Aristotle, to show the past which conditioned his theories and the future which was conditioned by them. Only thus, it seemed to me, could his teachings be seen in their proper light. And I have found that this method has many advantages, of which I may mention one. It has enabled me to show the close connection that existed at all times between Greek education and Greek social and political life, and to present the one as the reflection of the other. And this is no small advantage, since it is just from its relation to the whole of life that Greek education derives its chief interest for us. We can never, indeed, return to the purely political education of the Greeks; they themselves had to abandon that, and, since then,

A boundless hope has passed across the earth—

a hope which gives our education a meaning and a scope far wider than any that the State aims at; but in these days, when the State and the institution which embodies that hope are contending for the right to educate, it cannot but aid us in settling their respective claims, to follow the process by which they came to have distinct claims at all, and to see just what these mean. This process, the method which I have followed has, I hope, enabled me, in some degree, to bring into clearness. This, at all events, has been one of my chief aims.

…

THOMAS DAVIDSON

“Glenmore,”

Keene, Essex Co., N.Y.

October, 1891.

20. yüzyılın başından itibaren, öğrenme-öğretme anlayışımızı şekillendiren sayısız pedagojik kaynak ve bilimsel veri üretilmiştir. Öğrenme hakkında 100 yıl öncesine göre çok daha fazla bilgimiz olduğu açıktır. Ancak bilgi sınıflara aktarılamadığı, öğrencilerin hayatına dokunamadığı sürece değer kazanmaz. Bu anlamda, ‘öğretmenler bu bilgileri ne kadar uygulamaya koyabilmektedir? sorusu önem kazanmaktadır. Eğitim araştırmalarının kayda değer bir çoğunluğu bu soruyu cevaplamaya uğraşmaktadır. Cevabı bulma çabalarının devam edeceği konusunda elimizde güçlü kanıtlar da vardır. Amerikalı eğitim psikoloğu Spencer Kagan, yapısal yaklaşımıyla bu temel soruya uygulamada karşılığı olan bir cevap üretmiştir. Kagan yapıları, işbirlikli öğrenme konusunda teoriği pratiğe başarılı bir şekilde aktarabileceğimiz etkili bir çözüm sunmaktadır.

Bu kitap, Spencer Kagan tarafından geliştirilen ve işbirlikli öğrenme tekniklerinin önemli bir bölümünü temsil eden Kagan’ın İşbirlikli Öğrenme Yapıları’nı merkeze almaktadır. Kagan tarafından 280’in üzerinde yapı geliştirilmiştir. Giriş niteliğindeki böylesine bir çalışmada yapıların tamamını ele almak mümkün görünmemektedir. Bu nedenle kitap, Kagan’ın Yapısal Yaklaşımı’nı tanıtan genel bir çerçeve sunmakta; araştırmalarda ve eğitim uygulamalarında öne çıkan bazı yapıları tanıtmakta; eğitimcilere ve araştırmacılara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülen ilgili araştırmaları tematik bir bakış açısıyla serimlemektedir.