Coğrafi keşiflerle 16. ve 17. yüzyıl boyunca Avrupa’ya taşınan altın ve gümüş, sermaye birikim sürecinin tetikleyicisidir. Bu sermaye birikiminin tetiklediği üstel büyüme “asimetrik mübadeleyi” doğurmuştur. Üstel büyüme asimetrik mübadeleyi, asimetrik mübadele üstel büyümeyi beslemiştir. Böylece bir döngü oluşmuş ve bu döngü kendini 21. yüzyıla kadar taşıyabilmiştir.

Asimetrik mübadele ticaretin tekeller tarafından baskılanmasından kitlelerin propaganda ile mobilize edilmesine; “olan”ın dayatmasından, algının boşluklarına sızmaya; propagandanın kurnazlığından, halkın safdil sloganlarına kadar eşitsiz şartlar altında yapılan değiş tokuş eylemlerinin tümüdür.

Bu çalışmada “fikirlerin ihracı” olarak değerlendirilmiş halkla ilişkiler uygulamaları, Asimetrik Mübadele Devrimleri ve Asimetrik Mübadele Dönemleri başlıkları altında ortaya konarak, güç ve iktidar inşasında ekonomik, politik ve sosyal gelişmelerin önemli bir unsuru olarak değerlendirdiğimiz; Uluslararası Ticarette Halkla İlişkilerin (UTİCHİL) önemi vurgulanmıştır.

“Adam olmadan savaş imkansızdır,

 para olmadan da adam tutamazsınız,

vergi almadan hazinenizde para olmaz,

vergi almak için de ticaret şarttır. ”

“Para gerekli, eğer kendi imkanlarımızla sağlayamıyorsak,

o zaman dışarıdan sağlayacağız demektir. ”       

Montchrestien

…Şimdilerde ise…prensler en çok halkları tatmin etmelidirler çünkü halklar daha fazla güç sahibi olmuşlardır.”

Prens,  Machiavelli

“…onları işlerin iyi gitmediğine inandıracağız…Eğer işler kötü giderse sonucu hemen göreceklerdir. Ama işler iyi giderse hiçbir şeyden haberleri olmayacak…işte paramızı ve toprağımızı böyle sağlıyoruz. Sabahtan akşama bize çalışan insanlar sayesinde.”

Çuhacı Patronun Zevkleri P.Mothoux

The book “Digital Transformation in Banking Industry – Financial Security, Audit and Business Perspective” explores the effect of digital transformation on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime by focusing on digital Know Your Client (eKYC), artificial intelligence in AML, crypto currency, and virtual assets by drawing attention on ongoing compliance challenges in “virtual assets era”. Furthermore, it explores Fintechs and future of conventional banking as well as remote auditing in banking industry.

This edition explores Fintechs and the future of conventional banking. This is to examine the Fintech structures that have recently gained great importance in the world and to evaluate the possible effects of the developments on traditional banking in the future. Considering the innovations that Fintech structures bring to payment systems, their impact on credit markets and the structure of blockchain-linked contracts, it is expected that they will have greater effects on the financial system in the future. In this context, the book analysis the effects of these structures on traditional banking by including the recent literature on the subject.

Remote auditing is one of the common methods that is suitable for today’s world with its flexible and technology-based structure. In our book we have dedicated a chapter which explores remote auditing (also known as virtual audit) and challenges as well as advantages of applying it.

A chapter is dedicated to AML Programs in Banking Industry in Covid-19 Era, which identifies challenges, good practices, and policy reactions to new ML/TF risks which can be also defined as financial security risks arising during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and due to impact of digital transformation in banking industry.

A special attention is dedicated to the artificial intelligence in AML structures in banking and the role of artificial intelligence for detecting money laundering cases by decreasing the number of “false alerts” and increasing the quality of “real matches”. The book explores the role of artificial intelligence on increasing the efficiency and decreasing the manual work on daily basis for AML Compliance Officers.

The book explores virtual currency and blockchain by identifying ongoing compliance challenges from decentralized platforms, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchangers, anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrencies, and “jurisdictional arbitrage” (the ability of criminal actors to route their activity through countries with weak AML/CFT regimes). Blockchain/ Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) applications aside, certain properties of Virtual Currencies (including VCs associated with Initial Coin Offering – ICOs) entail special Financial Crimes Compliance (FCC) risks, some of which are detailed in our book.

Nowadays the Digital Identity (DI) services help financial institutions, especially banking industry, to offer several services efficiently and properly to their clients. By keeping this in mind, the measures for Covid-19, offering services in distance remains the best solution in the market. The DI provides provable and sharable identity, which is particularly important when on-boarding clients but also has a key protection role to play when users are transacting. In our book we have dedicated a chapter related to digital ID system and eKYC.

We believe this edition contributes to current literature for the effect of digital transformation in banking industry from the financial security, audit and business perspective and it is important for compliance officers and bankers, policy makers, strategists, academics, students, and professionals in the field of compliance.

International Security and Terrorism analyses contemporary issues in international orders. This book assesses the terrorist attacks which were organised in African, Asian, European and Middle Eastern countries in detail. Therefore, it provides a comprehensive understanding for academics, practitioners, researchers, students and readers who are interested in international security and terrorism. It utilises data about casualties, attack types and countries that exposed terrorism. The book critically examines terrorism, traditional counter-terrorism tactics, securitisation and the new terrorism. It focuses on religiously-motivated terrorist groups, e.g. al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram and al-Shabaab.

Aytaç Kadıoğlu is an assistant professor of politics and international relations at the Middle East Institute, Sakarya University. Kadıoğlu received his BA at Istanbul University, MA in International Relations at the University of Leicester and Ph.D. in International Relations at the University of Nottingham. His expertise includes security studies, conflict resolution, international terrorism and counter-terrorism studies.

Understanding the behavior of asset prices is essential in evaluating investment decisions so that practitioners and academics have been investigating what assets are worth and whether asset prices are predictable. The degree of stock return predictability is a statistical concept and totally an empirical issue. In this study, we conduct an empirical application on the equity premium forecastability concept. We consider both macroeconomic and technical indicators in order to predict the equity risk premiums of selected thirteen stock markets including Belgium, Greece, Malaysia, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, Brazil, Hong-Kong, India, Russia, and South Africa. Incorporating information from all indicators including domestic and foreign macroeconomic indicators, oil price changes, and technical indicators provides in-sample fitting gains. Out-of-sample forecasting results show that the strategy of combining forecasts provides out-of-sample gains. Portfolio performance analyses suggests following the forecasts generated by the proposed models to obtain positive returns over the buy-and-hold strategy.