In this book, we attempt to make a comparative evaluation of modern macroeconomic schools: Monetarism and New Classical School based on the Classical System that envisage automatic full employment or natural rate of unemployment (NRU) equilibrium (AFNE or ANRUE) vs. New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics based on the Keynesian System which gives unemployment equilibrium (UNE) or non-automatic NRU equilibrium (NANRUE) due to insufficiency of aggregate demand.

In order to determine which school is relevant, first the basic assumptions of these systems are compared: i) rational vs. adjusted vs. heterogeneous expectations, ii) existence of perfect competition in all markets leading to flexibility of prices and wages vs. imperfect competition giving rise to rigidities, and iii) presence or lack of coordination between markets.

In the final phase of our evaluations the performance of the developed economies are surveyed to establish whether we meet with AFNE or ANRUE or else UNE or NANRUE; and whether policy prescriptions devised by respective schools solve or alleviate the problem at hand when implemented.

Our investigations point out that New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian schools are more relevant compared to Monetarism and New Classical School. The choice between New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics, however, is more difficult to make although New Keynesian Economics seems more widespread than Post-Keynesian Economics. Objectively, Post-Keynesian assumptions seem more realistic; normatively, however, New Keynesian stands seems more fit to the present day move towards globalization.

“Demokratik hukuk devletlerinde yönetilenlerin yönetenlerin haksız uygulamalarına karşı korunmasını sağlamak açısından başvurdukları önemli denetim mekanizmalarından bir tanesini Ombudsmanlık veya diğer ifade ile Kamu denetçiliği kurumu oluşturmaktadır.  Türkiye’de Ombudsmanlık Kurumu adlı çalışma öncelikle dünyada ve Türkiye’de kamu denetçiliği kurumunun teorik ve pratik gelişim sürecinden bahsetmektedir. Ombudsmanlık kurumunun yargısal ve idari olarak devletin iş yükünü hafifleten yönüne vurgu yapılan çalışmada, Ombudsmanlık kurumunun bu işlevlerinin bilinirliğini saptamaya yönelik olarak Türkiye’nin geleceğini oluşturacak olan üniversite öğrencilerinin gözünden Ombudsmanlık kurumu analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda kaleme alınan çalışmayla alana ilgisi olan başta akademisyen ve öğrenciler olmak üzere tüm ilgilenenlere katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.”

The change of the geopolitical realities, the emergence of new regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have also changed current perspectives in the region. Fully revised and updated to cover the latest informations and developments, the book will provide comprehensive, accessible and successful introduction for those who are interested in the Central Asia region. As the editors, we have filled a long-neglected gap by producing a volume that authoritatively covers the states of the region. The book will become a definitive text for the teaching as it presents in-depth explorations of systemic and sophisticated way of understanding the actors and processes and offers case study encompassing many subjects about Central Asia. It conbines old and new perspectives with discerning care.

This book –The Changing Perspectives of Central Asia in the 21^st Century- has provided readers with prominent knowledge of independence period, actors, minority issues, nation-state building process, energy, security, water, boundary, regional integration and foreign policies of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan with each other and with Russia, China, America, the EU and Turkey. The book claims that geopolitical realities, regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have changed. Thus, the book focuses on environmental degradation, cyber insecurity and social unrest triggered by sovereign debt traps. These discussions highlight the necessity to reconsider the traditional perception of security as the analysis has to go beyond the state to address a wide range of security threats.

Dr. Murat YORULMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Trakya University, Edirne.

Dr. Serdar YILMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla.

Teknoloji ve ekonomi ilişkisi, insanın doğa karşısında verdiği mücadelenin bir neticesidir. Teknoloji doğası gereği gelişmeyi, ekonomi de ise ilerlemeyi temsil eder. Uygarlık, bu iki temelin üstünde ortaya çıkar. Teknik değişimler, iki yüzü olan etkiler bırakır. Bunlardan ilki, bilim olarak insanın zihinsel yetilerine ihtiyaç duyar. Bu nedenle algılarımızla temas içindedir ve tüm bilimsel üretimlere konu olur. İkinci yüzüyle ilerlemeyi temsil ettiğinden, ekonomik alanda zenginlik sağlar. Her teknik icat, yeni endüstri alanları yaratırken, yeni yaşam tarzları da belirler.

Ekonomiyi faaliyetler alanı şeklinde toparlarsak, teknoloji yapısal bir zemindir. Ekonominin kurumları günümüzde, hiç olmadığı kadar teknolojinin omuzlarına ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ekonominin küresel etkileşimci karakteri, teknolojiye olan ilgimiz oranında sağlıklı olabilir. Enformasyonel bir dünya, teknolojide geri kalmayı affetmez.

Globalization and related technological developments have increased competition and put organizations in a struggle to survive in an extremely difficult market condition. Organizations adopt their technologies and infrastructures to today’s conditions to gain a sustainable competitive advantage and maintain their existence. However, all these efforts of organizations are easily imitated by rival companies and may cause the loss of competitive advantage.

The resource-based view provides additional information that strategic human resource is the scarce, valuable, inimitable and non-substitutable resources of organizations, thus enabling them to gain a competitive advantage. According to this view, the competitive advantage of the organization is achieved by combining valuable internal resources. Nowadays, sustainable competitive advantage is provided not by environmental factors or physical capital but by human capital (employees) efficiency. In this context, the attitudes and behaviors of employees who make up human resources are important for their organizational success. Many studies emphasize that positive attitudes and behaviors (e.g. innovative work behavior, work engagement, job satisfaction) in employees have important contributions to the success of the organization, while similarly negative attitudes and behaviors (e.g. organizational silence, turnover intention) are one of the main reasons for the failure of the organization.

In our book, literature has been created on the definition, antecedents, and organizational results of new and current concepts that are newly conceptualized in the literature and are still in their infancy. It is considered that this cumulative literature within the book will be a source for future studies on these subjects and will provide important insights for practitioners.