The change of the geopolitical realities, the emergence of new regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have also changed current perspectives in the region. Fully revised and updated to cover the latest informations and developments, the book will provide comprehensive, accessible and successful introduction for those who are interested in the Central Asia region. As the editors, we have filled a long-neglected gap by producing a volume that authoritatively covers the states of the region. The book will become a definitive text for the teaching as it presents in-depth explorations of systemic and sophisticated way of understanding the actors and processes and offers case study encompassing many subjects about Central Asia. It conbines old and new perspectives with discerning care.

This book –The Changing Perspectives of Central Asia in the 21^st Century- has provided readers with prominent knowledge of independence period, actors, minority issues, nation-state building process, energy, security, water, boundary, regional integration and foreign policies of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan with each other and with Russia, China, America, the EU and Turkey. The book claims that geopolitical realities, regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have changed. Thus, the book focuses on environmental degradation, cyber insecurity and social unrest triggered by sovereign debt traps. These discussions highlight the necessity to reconsider the traditional perception of security as the analysis has to go beyond the state to address a wide range of security threats.

Dr. Murat YORULMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Trakya University, Edirne.

Dr. Serdar YILMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla.

This study, which is based on a PhD thesis; examines, with an integrative perspective, the effects of employees’ perceptions about the empowering behavior of their immediate supervisor on employees’ psychological empowerment, and the effects of employees’ psychological empowerment on their job satisfaction, extrinsic reward satisfaction, affective commitment towards their organizations, turnover intentions; and task performance and organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, this study makes comparisons between the strength of some of the hypothesized relationships.

The primary finding of the study is that there is a strong relationship between enhancing meaningfulness- providing autonomy dimension of empowering behavior of supervisors and employees’ psychological empowerment. Another important finding is that there are positive relationships between empowering behavior of supervisors and employees’ job satisfaction, extrinsic reward satisfaction, and affective commitment.

The results also indicate that the impact of empowerment on job satisfaction is stronger than that on extrinsic reward satisfaction, and the impact of job satisfaction on turnover intention is stronger than that of extrinsic reward satisfaction. Finally, there are negative influences of empowerment on employees’ task performance and organizational citizenship behavior.

1956 yılından bu yana, özellikle 1973 tarihindeki ilk darbeden sonra, Rus işgali, Sovyetler Birliğinin çıkışı, Mücahidin Hükümeti’nin kuruluşu, iç çatışmalar, Taliban örgütünün ortaya çıkması ve Amerika’nın ülkeye girişi gibi olaylar neticesinde siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal karışıklık içerisine düşen ve o tarihten itibaren siyasi olarak tam bir düzen sağlayamayan Afganistan örneği üzerinden, siyasi istikrarsızlığın bir ülkede uluslararası ticarete yaptığı etkiler bu çalışmada anlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Siyasi istikrarı bir türlü sağlayamayan Afganistan ve benzeri ülkeler, ticari ve sosyal olarak birçok sorun ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Afganistan’a yapılan müdahaleler ve ülkenin içerisinde bulunduğu iç çatışma, savaşlar ve güç gruplarının rekabeti sonucunda oluşan siyasi istikrarsızlık durumunun ülkenin uluslararası ticaretine olan etkileri, bu tür istikrarsızlaştırıcı durumların olmadığı zamanlarda ülkenin uluslararası ticaretinde gerçekleşen olumlu/olumsuz gelişmeler ile karşılaştırma yapılarak, siyasi istikrarsızlığın Afganistan’ın uluslararası ticaretine olan etkileri ele alınmıştır.