19. yüzyıldan bir asır evvel Avrupa’da sanatlar bilimden ayrılmış ve “güzel sanatlar” nevi şahsına münhasır bir kategoride konumlandırılmıştı. Dahası Estetik, bir bilim olarak tartışılmaya başlanmıştı. Tek kelimeyle, büyük harfle “Sanat” ve “Estetik” doğmuştu. Bugün kıta Avrupası ve Amerika’daki nitelikli felsefi dergilerin tartışmalarıyla güncelliğini devam ettiren estetik ve sanat felsefesinin vardığı noktadan hatta sanatın sonunun dile getirildiği bir zaviyeden bakıldığında Guyau’nun sanat, bilim ve şiire ilişkin yaklaşımlarının eskidiği görülebilir. Yine de Guyau’nun fikirlerini okurken değindiği meselelerin aynı dönemde birçok kişi tarafından ele alındığını hatırda tutmak gereklidir. Ancak böylesi karşılıklı bir okuma Guyau’nun bize hikemi gelen yaklaşımlarının değerini ifade edebilir. Bunun için de 19. asırdan beri basınımızda ifadesini bulan estetik ve sanata dair çevirilerin yaygınlaşması gerçekleşmesini arzu ettiğimiz bir temenni olmuştur. Elinizdeki kitap bu temenniyle aktarılmıştır.

This book analyzes Peter Barnes’ plays, The Ruling Class (1968), Leonardo’s Last Supper (1969), Noonday Demons (1969), and Dreaming (1969), as examples of modern Menippean satire. In contrast to formal verse satire, that is defined as a rhetorical attack upon a particular vice and includes praise for its opposite virtue in the midst of an argument, Menippean satire is difficult to define because of its protean structure. Therefore, whilst defining Menippean satire it is helpful to ask what Menippean satire ‘does’ instead of what Menippean satire ‘is’. Menippean satire is a mingling of prose and poetry in its simplest sense. In addition, it always desires to reject any sort of absolutes regarding norms, cultural, religious or philosophical dogmas by creating a carnivalesque atmosphere. Because Barnes has written about similar themes in Menippean satire form throughout his career his plays may be considered as examples of modern Menippean satire.

The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.