In today’s digitalized world, it has become easier and faster to access knowledge. In university education, especially in academic writing courses, it is vital to access knowledge in order to keep up to date and produce quality writing. However, if knowledge sources are not acknowledged correctly, a serious problem which hinders the development of knowledge arises: plagiarism. This book explores the extent to which university students are aware of plagiarism and offers ways to raise awareness and avoid it. For this purpose the book presents a study which offers a practical method to apply in academic writing classes in order to change students’ plagiarizing behavior. The purpose of the book is to show that it is possible to change students’ plagiarizing behavior if a systematical approach is followed

Dans ce livre, on a examiné le roman turc qui s’est développé sous l’influence du roman français apparu dans la littérature du Tanzimat. Sur le plan des relations politiques, économiques et culturelles parmi les pays occidentaux, l’Empire ottoman a attaché beaucoup d’importance à la France. Pourtant, les intellectuels et littérateurs envoyés en France ont été influencés par la littérature française et ont apporté des innovations à la littérature turque. Le passage du conte au roman a eu lieu à la fin de longues relations historiques, politiques et culturelles avec l’Occident. Les écrivains de cette période ont soutenu dans leurs œuvres les idées et les conceptions occidentales. On peut dire que dans la littérature turque, l’occidentalisation, commencée dès 1860, est devenue totale, du point de vue de la conception, de la technique et des thèmes durant la période du Servet-i Fünûn.

The aim of this book is to study William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus (1594), Macbeth (1606), and King Lear (1608), as examples of the state of rivalry which, as the study asserts, is related to Thomas Hobbes’ theory of the state of nature, and René Girard’s theory of mimetic desire. To this end, the state of nature, mimetic desire, and the state of rivalry are studied with their origins, definitions, types, and characteristics. The state of nature refers to the state of man who is egotistic, and self-preserving. A man in this state believes in equality by birth. In this state, man is at war against one another, as there is no (or lack of) authority to keep everyone secure. However, there may be human beings who are in that state even in a civil society under the dominion of an authority. They may secretly put manipulative plans into action for personal gains. Such an authority constructs order by the help of civil laws to prevent any disobedience and civil strife. In time of disobedience, this condition may spread around like a contagious disease. Among the reasons that lead to such a conflict, for Hobbes, are competition, diffidence, and glory. These notions have parallels with mimetic desire. Mimetic desire refers to man’s mediated desire toward an object. Imitating a mediator brings forth rivalry since the desired object ascertains competition. Therefore, mimetic desire has a triangular structure: mediator as the model, the desirer, and the desired object. The study concludes that the characteristics of, and the relationship between the state of nature, and mimetic desire are conducive to the state of rivalry in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, and King Lear.