The determinants of local government performance have long been of interest, and have been empirically investigated in a number of recent studies. A general question in this area is: why have some local governments across the countries achieved high rates of performance whilst the others remained at lower levels? Evidence from the relevant literature indicates that some local governments or municipalities, particularly in developed countries, achieve very good performance. Others, in particular those from underdeveloped or developing, have very little or almost no performance.

This research empirically investigates the budgeting conditions in North Cyprus and evaluate how budgeting conditions vary from one municipality to the other in the five major municipalities; Lefkosa, Magusa, Girne, Guzelyurt and Iskele over the period 2004Q1 to 2012Q4. Two types of methodologies are conducted. First; it empirically investigates the determinants of local government deficit by using cointegration techniques. The Johansen co-integration and The Vector Error Correction model (VECM) are applied to test the effect of each element such as own-source revenue, grants, expenditures and debt services on the budget deficit. Second, the study test the convergence hypothesis if similar regions within the country converge to the same long-run steady state by considering five major Cypriot municipalities in the North Cyprus economy.

The results from the empirical analysis on budget deficit findings show that there is evidence of a long-run relationship between general deficit and its determinants. The evidence of causality is found from expenditure and debt to general deficit for Lefkosa municipality. There is unidirectional causality from grant and revenue through deficit for Magusa municipality. Third empirical analysis on convergence introduced that the municipalities with the lowest number of people per staff, commonly diverge from the group mean.

The book “Digital Transformation in Banking Industry – Financial Security, Audit and Business Perspective” explores the effect of digital transformation on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime by focusing on digital Know Your Client (eKYC), artificial intelligence in AML, crypto currency, and virtual assets by drawing attention on ongoing compliance challenges in “virtual assets era”. Furthermore, it explores Fintechs and future of conventional banking as well as remote auditing in banking industry.

This edition explores Fintechs and the future of conventional banking. This is to examine the Fintech structures that have recently gained great importance in the world and to evaluate the possible effects of the developments on traditional banking in the future. Considering the innovations that Fintech structures bring to payment systems, their impact on credit markets and the structure of blockchain-linked contracts, it is expected that they will have greater effects on the financial system in the future. In this context, the book analysis the effects of these structures on traditional banking by including the recent literature on the subject.

Remote auditing is one of the common methods that is suitable for today’s world with its flexible and technology-based structure. In our book we have dedicated a chapter which explores remote auditing (also known as virtual audit) and challenges as well as advantages of applying it.

A chapter is dedicated to AML Programs in Banking Industry in Covid-19 Era, which identifies challenges, good practices, and policy reactions to new ML/TF risks which can be also defined as financial security risks arising during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and due to impact of digital transformation in banking industry.

A special attention is dedicated to the artificial intelligence in AML structures in banking and the role of artificial intelligence for detecting money laundering cases by decreasing the number of “false alerts” and increasing the quality of “real matches”. The book explores the role of artificial intelligence on increasing the efficiency and decreasing the manual work on daily basis for AML Compliance Officers.

The book explores virtual currency and blockchain by identifying ongoing compliance challenges from decentralized platforms, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchangers, anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrencies, and “jurisdictional arbitrage” (the ability of criminal actors to route their activity through countries with weak AML/CFT regimes). Blockchain/ Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) applications aside, certain properties of Virtual Currencies (including VCs associated with Initial Coin Offering – ICOs) entail special Financial Crimes Compliance (FCC) risks, some of which are detailed in our book.

Nowadays the Digital Identity (DI) services help financial institutions, especially banking industry, to offer several services efficiently and properly to their clients. By keeping this in mind, the measures for Covid-19, offering services in distance remains the best solution in the market. The DI provides provable and sharable identity, which is particularly important when on-boarding clients but also has a key protection role to play when users are transacting. In our book we have dedicated a chapter related to digital ID system and eKYC.

We believe this edition contributes to current literature for the effect of digital transformation in banking industry from the financial security, audit and business perspective and it is important for compliance officers and bankers, policy makers, strategists, academics, students, and professionals in the field of compliance.

Genelde siyasal parti programları, parti sözcülerinin seçimler sırasında kullandıkları söylem yalan söylemez. Fakat sıradan seçmen parti programı, seçim vaatlerine bakmaksızın oy verme eğilimini sürdürür. Aslında kamucu politikalar izlenmesini isteyen seçmen gider, seçimde özel sektörün önünü açacağını haykıran partiye oy verir. Bu parti doğal olarak özelleştirme- iş fazlası emeğin işine son verilmesi- sosyal devlete ayrılan payın kısıtlanması politikalarını gerçekleştirmeye başladığında, toplumdan feryatlar yükselir. Bazen bunun tersi yaşanır. Devletin ekonomiden alabildiğince soyutlanmasını savunan seçmen, tutar kamucu partileri iktidara getirir. Söz konusu parti/ partiler kamulaştırma- kamucu/ kamu ağırlıklı karma ekonomi-sosyal refah devletinin ihyası tipi, tam da kendilerinden beklenilen uygulamalara giriştiğinde, toplumdan benzer sesler yükselir. Ne var ki her iki durumda da hatalı olan iktidara gelen partiler değildir.

Bazen toplumda siyasetin kötülükler alanı olduğuna dair yanlış bir kanı yankılanır. Siyasal alan, sivil toplumu barındıran özel alanlar bütünlüğüyle beraber, toplumsal mücadele alanı ve tarihin sahnesini oluşturduğundan, toplumsal kesimler arası çatışma yoğunlaştığında siyasal alan, katlanılmaz sertlikte bir hesaplaşma sahasına dönüşebilir. Bu anlamda “kötülükler alanı” anlayışı haklılık kazanabilir. Oysa aynı alan, çözümün de alanıdır. Dolayısıyla yurttaşların siyasetten korkmak/ kaçınmak yerine, ona olan inançlarını tazeleyip, karşılıklı saygıya dayalı mücadele alanını tekrar kurmaları gerekmektedir. Zira siyasal alan ne denli acımasızsa, soğukkanlı siyaset adamları yerlerini ne denli demagoglara kaptırmışlarsa, siyasal sisteme iletecekleri mantıklı taleplerle düzeltme işlemini gerçekleştirecek, yine yurttaşların özbilinci ve mücadele alanında yerlerini alış şeklidir.