In this book, we attempt to make a comparative evaluation of modern macroeconomic schools: Monetarism and New Classical School based on the Classical System that envisage automatic full employment or natural rate of unemployment (NRU) equilibrium (AFNE or ANRUE) vs. New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics based on the Keynesian System which gives unemployment equilibrium (UNE) or non-automatic NRU equilibrium (NANRUE) due to insufficiency of aggregate demand.

In order to determine which school is relevant, first the basic assumptions of these systems are compared: i) rational vs. adjusted vs. heterogeneous expectations, ii) existence of perfect competition in all markets leading to flexibility of prices and wages vs. imperfect competition giving rise to rigidities, and iii) presence or lack of coordination between markets.

In the final phase of our evaluations the performance of the developed economies are surveyed to establish whether we meet with AFNE or ANRUE or else UNE or NANRUE; and whether policy prescriptions devised by respective schools solve or alleviate the problem at hand when implemented.

Our investigations point out that New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian schools are more relevant compared to Monetarism and New Classical School. The choice between New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Economics, however, is more difficult to make although New Keynesian Economics seems more widespread than Post-Keynesian Economics. Objectively, Post-Keynesian assumptions seem more realistic; normatively, however, New Keynesian stands seems more fit to the present day move towards globalization.

Kalite, bütün sanayi dallarını ve bunlara bağlı faaliyet gösteren tüm işletmeleri ilgilendiren ortak bir kavramdır. Bu kavram temel olarak kalite mühendisliği, kalite yönetim sistemleri, kalite kontrol ve kalite güvencesi alanlarını içerse de yalnızca bunlarla sınırlı değildir. Günümüzde kalite çalışmalarının ulaşmış olduğu son nokta olan Kalite 4.0, üretim ve hizmet sektörünün dijitalleşerek yeniden yapılandırılması olarak ifade edilen Endüstri 4.0’ın temel unsurlarından biridir. Kalite 4.0 çalışmalarının temel amacı kalite kavramını Endüstri 4.0’ın kazandırdığı yetenekler ile uyumlu hale getirmektedir.

Kalite 4.0, üretim işletmelerinin tüm tedarik zinciri boyunca kalite standartlarını geliştirmelerini ve yönetmelerini sağlayan çeşitli teknoloji, prosedür ve uygulayıcıların yaygın olarak kullanıldığı bir sistemdir. İşletmelerin Kalite 4.0 uygulamalarından yararlanarak, müşterilerin memnuniyet düzeylerinde daha yüksek bir etkiye sahip olmaları beklenmektedir.

Bu kitap, yönetim tarihi boyunca birçok evrimsel aşamadan geçerek günümüze gelen Kalite 4.0’ı anlamayı ve uygulamayı hedefleyen kuruluşlar, çalışanlar ve öğrenciler için genel bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.

SMEs have been recognized as important actors of commercial activity most specifically since the second half of the 20th century. Although understanding its customer potential has been named a top priority among many sectors, there is a limited body of knowledge regarding the buying behaviour of SME’s. Many studies and industry practices frame the context within corporate or individual buying behaviour, however few researchers mention SME’s. When mentioned they tend to tie with elitist attributes and consider them as small versions of big enterprises. Studies and industry practices are conformist and assume that SME’s buying behaviour consists of nothing but -ignoring impulsive tendencies- ‘normative’ or ‘conservative’ typologies. However, the lack of application makes this dichotomy untested, which is also what this book aims to scrutinize.