The author has dwelt, especially in the theoretical part, upon general questions which are side-issues in respect to the theme that he has treated. But this will not seem a digression to those who remember that, strictly speaking, there are no particular philosophical sciences, standing by themselves. Philosophy is unity, and when we treat of Æsthetic or of Logic or of Ethics, we treat always of the whole of philosophy, although illustrating for didactic purposes only one side of that inseparable unity. In like manner, owing to this intimate connexion of all the parts of philosophy, the uncertainty and misunderstanding as to the æsthetic activity, the representative and productive imagination, this firstborn of the spiritual activities, mainstay of the others, generates everywhere else misunderstandings, uncertainties and errors: in Psychology as in Logic, in History as in the Philosophy of Practice. If language is the first spiritual manifestation, and if the æsthetic form is language itself, taken in all its true scientific extension, it is hopeless to try to understand clearly the later and more complicated phases of the life of the spirit, when their first and simplest moment is ill known, mutilated and disfigured. From the explanation of the æsthetic activity is also to be expected the correction of several concepts and the solution of certain philosophic problems which generally seem to be almost desperate. Such is precisely the spirit animating the present work. And if the present attempt and the historical illustrations which accompany it may be of use in winning friends to these studies, by levelling obstacles and indicating paths to be followed; if this happen, especially here in Italy, whose æsthetic traditions (as has been demonstrated in its place) are very noble, the author will consider that he has gained his end, and one of his keenest desires will have been satisfied.

The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.

Edebiyat, farklı coğrafyalardaki dünya görüşlerinin, toplumsal değerlerin, duyguların, düşüncelerin ve imgelerin anlatımıdır. Modern dünyanın edebiyata yansımaları 19. yüzyıldan başlayarak, 20. yüzyılda daha da belirginleşmiş olup; insan ilişkilerinde yaşanılan ayrışımlar, zamanla insanların birbirine karşı yabancılaşmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bireyin yaşadığı yabancılaşma sadece karşısında duran kişiye karşı değil, aynı zamanda kendi benliğine karşı da olmuştur. Bu durumun sonucu olarak bireyin, hem kendisiyle hem de başkasıyla yaşadığı kimlik arayışı edebiyatın en önemli konularından biri olmuştur. Bu konuların ifade edilmesi esnasında yazarlar bazı kavram, imge ve metaforları kullanır. Kullanılan bu kavramların en dikkati çeken, bir kişinin birebir aynı görüntüsünü ifade eden, edebi metinlerde de sıklıkla bireyin yaşadığı kimlik karmaşasını ve yabancılaşmayı anlatmak için kullanılan Alman edebiyatı kökenli “Doppelgänger” kavramıdır. “Doppelgänger”, Türkçede “gölge”, “kötü ikiz”, “ikiz öteki”, “öteki”, “eş ruh”, “ikili kahraman” terimleri ile karşılık bulur.