From times immemorial, literature has accumulated a large and varied store of all kinds of general ideas and conceptions, material and metaphysical, to which the masters have recourse the moment the over-exacting and over-restless human voice begins to be heard. This is exactly the point. Tchekhov himself, a writer and an educated man, refused in advance every possible consolation, material or metaphysical. Not even in Tolstoi, who set no great store by philosophical systems, will you find such keenly expressed disgust for every kind of conceptions and ideas as in Tchekhov. He is well aware that conceptions ought to be esteemed and respected, and he reckons his inability to bend the knee before that which educated people consider holy as a defect against which he must struggle with all his strength. And he does struggle with all his strength against this defect. But not only is the struggle unavailing; the longer Tchekhov lives, the weaker grows the power of lofty words over him, in spite of his own reason and his conscious will. Finally, he frees himself entirely from ideas of every kind, and loses even the notion of connection between the happenings of life. Herein lies the most important and original characteristic of his creation. Anticipating a little, I would here point to his comedy, The Sea-Gull, where, in defiance of all literary principles, the basis of action appears to be not the logical development of passions, or the inevitable connection between cause and effect, but naked accident, ostentatiously nude. As one reads the play, it seems at times that one has before one a copy of a newspaper with an endless series of news paragraphs, heaped upon one another, without order and without previous plan. Sovereign accident reigns everywhere and in everything, this time boldly throwing the gauntlet to all conceptions. In this, I repeat, is Tchekhov’s greatest originality, and this, strangely enough, is the source of his most bitter experiences. He did not want to be original; he made super-human efforts to be like everybody else: but there is no escaping one’s destiny. How many men, above all among writers, wear their fingers to the bone in the effort to be unlike others, and yet they cannot shake themselves free of cliché—yet Tchekhov was original against his will! Evidently originality does not depend upon the readiness to proclaim revolutionary opinions at all costs. The newest and boldest idea may and often does appear tedious and vulgar. In order to become original, instead of inventing an idea, one must achieve a difficult and painful labour; and, since men avoid labour and suffering, the really new is for the most part born in man against his will.

Neo-colonialism is a crucial topic often discussed in international politics, economy, and literary studies. World War II and the end of official/physical colonialism have led to new strategies practiced by the imperial powers in international relations to continue their former colonial legacy and expand further the area of their interest. They never left their legacies in the former colonies but strived to pursue their exploitive desires under various guises.

Neo-colonialism and literature may be closely associated because they reflect social, economic, and political characteristics simultaneously. This book defines and exemplifies neo-colonialism in literature through Graham Greene, who illustrates the workings of neo-colonialism in formerly colonized countries through his novels that blend reality with fiction.

Osmanlı Devleti’nin en uzun yüzyılı olarak nitelendirilen 19. asırda devlet, batılılaşma süreciyle siyasi, toplumsal ve kültürel değişiklikler gerçekleştirmiştir. Özellikle kültürel alanda yaşanan süreç; önce zihniyet değişikliğini gerçekleştirmiş, akabinde kültüre, sanata ve edebiyata yansıması ile ivme kazanmıştır.

Mecbûr Efendi ilmî ve kültürel kırılmaların olduğu, zihniyet dönüşümünün yaşandığı Osmanlı’nın en uzun asrında, Çankırı’da medresede müderris, mektepte muallim, tekkede derviş, camide hatip ve meclislerde şair olarak kendini gösterir. Onun dinî, ilmî ve edebî eserleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada onun edebî yönünü ortaya koyan dîvânı ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma 3 bölümden oluşmaktadır. 1. bölümde Mecbûr Efendi’nin hayatı, eserleri ve edebî kişiliği üzerinde durulmuştur. 2. bölümde ise Dîvânı dil, üslup ve şekil özellikleri açısından incelenmiştir. 3. bölümde Dîvânın tenkitli metni (edition critique) oluşturulmuştur.

Bu eserde, merkezin taşrasında, kenarda kalmış bir değer olan Çankırılı Ahmet Mecbûr Efendi tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır.