Divan şiiri, büyük şairlerini XVI. yüzyılda yetiştirirken, mûsikî de büyük bestekârlarını XVIII. yüzyılda yetiştirir. XVIII. yüzyıl divan şairlerinde, şiir ve mûsikînin kendi aralarında bir bütünlük oluşturduğu görülür. Mûsıkî, şiirin sınırlarını, tesir sahasını genişletir, şiir de duygulara hitap eden hakikatleri dile getirirken, taşıdığı değerler itibariyle mûsıkîyi anlamlı kılar. Dolayısıyla şiir, bir yandan sesleriyle mûsıkînin müzikalitesine katkıda bulunurken, diğer yandan da eserin anlamına katkıda bulunarak eserden duyulan hazzı genişletir. Divan şiiri geleneği içinde oluşan şarkı; mûsıkî eserine dönüştükten sonra, klâsik Türk mûsıkîsi içinde yer alışı ve de türkülerde güfte olarak kullanılışıyla halka mal olarak toplum tarafından benimsenmiş olan bir edebî ürün olur. Türk şiir geleneğinin ve zevkinin doğurduğu millî bir edebî ürün olarak şarkı, divan şiirinin çevreye açılan, yerliliğe en fazla yaklaşan bir yönüdür.

The aim of this book is to shed light on dystopia within the circle of twentieth century literature by analysing the development of totalitarianism and its detrimental effects, such as dehumanisation and social unrest that shattered the unity of society in three basic forms as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Thus, it explores the beginning of totalitarianism resulted from an inborn instinctive drive as reflected in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies (1953) first, then its formation and rise in George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945), then finally the ill effects of it in both society and in individuals in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Totalitarianism, together with “Fascism”, in the twentieth century can be confined to the period between 1922 and 1975. It starts with Mussolini; is followed by Hitler and Stalin, then ends with the death of Franco. It was during the rule of totalitarians that all ideals promising peace were abused to claim the rule, terror and fear factors were resorted to secure a totalitarian power at the expense of millions of deaths, torture and social unrest. In these novels, William Golding and George Orwell criticise how totalitarianism is established, and maintained by fear, manipulation and terror in the twentieth century.

THE translations given in this volume, with the exception of the stormscene from Tolstoy in the First Lecture, are my own. The reader will please bear in mind that these Lectures, printed here exactly as delivered, were written with a view to addressing the ear as well as the eye, otherwise the book would have been entirely different from what it now is. When delivering the Sixth Lecture, I read extracts from Tolstoy’s “My Religion” and “What to Do,” illustrating every position of his I there commend; but for reasons it is needless to state, I omit them in the book. I can only hope that the reader will all the more readily go to the books themselves.

1889. P. GRAFTON, MASS., 1 July, 1889.