Finans dünyası çok hızlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. Değişimi güdüleyen başlıca güçler ise yeni teknolojilerin gelişimi ve dünya çapında finansal bağlantıların artmasıdır. İletişim maliyetlerindeki azalma, bu değişimlerin birçoğunu motive etmiştir.

Yıllardır nakit para yerine başka ödeme yöntemleri (çek, kredi kartı gibi) kullanılmaktadır. Fakat şimdi İnternet üzerinde yapılan elektronik ticaretin ortaya çıkması ile bu yöntemlerin yeterince etkin olmadıkları görünmektedir. Bu nedenle yeni elektronik ödeme sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Tüketicilere, İnternet üzerinden güvenli alışveriş yapmaları için çeşitli elektronik ödeme sistemleri sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı modeller, banknot ve bozukluk para için direkt bir ikame olan ve akıllı kartlar üzerinde saklanan sanal para sağlamaktadırlar.

Sanal para ile gerçekleştirilen ödeme sistemlerinin gelişiminin sunduğu müthiş fırsatların yanında, kara para aklama, vergiden kaçınma ve senyoraj kayıpları gibi birçok yasal sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir.

During the 19th century, British diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire was based on rejuvenating and revitalising the administration system with a series of social and political reforms. Although British attitudes began to transform during the Near Eastern Crisis of 1876-8 and the Anglo-Ottoman alliance was interrupted, the policy changed dramatically on the eve of the First World War.Nonetheless, major events such as the Chanak Crisis in the British Cabinet, the occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna and finally the Turkish Nationalist Movementunder the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk effected the dynamics of Anglo-Ottoman relations. This book examines the ground of these policies and analyses how thisstorm was over in British foreign policies towards Turkey between 1918 and 1923.

Adam Smith, with “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” published in 1776 is unanimously hailed as the founder of economics as a social science and also of “economic liberalism” or “capitalism” as it is called to contrast it with “socialism”, the latter propagated by K. Marx at a later date.

The group of economists that followed A.Smith, including such notable names as D.Ricardo, N.W.Senior, John Stuart Mill, culminating in Alfred Marshall (1890: Principles of Economics) is called the “Classical School” or alternately the “Manchester School” to refer to their place of origin. Their macroeconomic system is called the “Classical System”. Having accepted the Malthusian law of population (T.Robert Malthus: 1798 Essays on the Principle of Population) D. Ricardo had come up with a model in which growth eventually comes to a halt, moving to that point, however, all along at full employment equilibrium.This was also in line with the views of Adam Smith. Marshall had introduced the concept of elasticities and used the partial method of analysis. In contrast, Leon Walras, in his “Eléments d’Economie Pure ou Theorie de La Richesse Sociale” used the general equilibrium approach to prove that the economy arrives automatically to full employment equilibrium, following Adam Smith and the Classical School.

This book offers a summary of the basic views and conclusions of Adam Smith concerning economic regime, as is also followed by the rest of the members of the Classical School: In a milieu of perfect competition prevailing in all the markets or sectors of the economy, including the labor market, full employment equilibrium will be achieved automatically. This equilibrium will, therefore, also maximize the welfare of the workers because the market wage rate, with no intrusions from the government or the unions, will have ensured full employment. Hence, there is no need for interventionism, that is, for the state to intervene prices, wages, channeling of investments and economic decisions in general.