La morphologie, visant à étudier spécialement la structure interne des mots, se divise traditionnellement en deux branches : morphologie dérivationnelle (ou lexicale), s’intéressant à l’aspect formationnel (dérivationnel) des mots complexes (dérivés ou construits) et morphologie flexionnelle, s’occupant spécifiquement de l’aspect flexionnel. C’est ce deuxième aspect qui est adopté dans cet ouvrage, qui essaie de rendre cette matière quelque peu complexe, même pour un public averti, plus accessible par tous, notamment par les apprenants étrangers, en sélectionnant une méthodologie « distributionnelle ». En effet, les travaux existants en la matière sont purement descriptifs et souvent assez complexes et, par conséquent, ne conviennent guère au public méconnaissant le domaine et encore moins aux étudiants qui tâchent d’appréhender le fonctionnement morphologique d’une langue étrangère.

Il s’agit, donc, d’un ouvrage d’initiation, de nature pédagogique, spécialement conçu pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la morphologie du français. Ainsi, tout en apprenant les techniques d’analyses morphologiques, ces derniers saisiront plus facilement les fondements de la flexion des mots français. D’où, l’autre caractéristique de l’ouvrage, qui se veut, autant que possible, d’une simplicité, aussi bien sur les plans du contenu, du corpus, de la méthode d’analyse et de la description qu’au niveau métalinguistique.

Bu kitap, Klâsik Türk Edebiyatı’nın 16. asır temsilcilerinden şâir Cebrî’nin tasavvufî- alegorik mahiyette kaleme aldığı Mihr ü Mâh mesnevisini konu edinmektedir. Eser bir yönüyle, bütün bir Osmanlı edebiyatına hâkim olan Batlamyus kozmogonisine uygun olarak Samanyolu Galaksisi’nin işleyişini aksettirmekte, diğer yandan vahdet-i vücûd öğretisi temelinde bir takım tasavvufi ıstılahları türlü alegorilerle okuyucuya sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Mesnevînin sonunda söz konusu alegorilerin hangi anlamlara geldiği açıklanmakta ve okuyucuya çeşitli öğütler verilmektedir.

Mihr ü Mâh özünde çift kahramanlı bir aşk hikâyesi şeklinde kaleme alınmış olsa da simgesel anlamda İlahî aşkın talibi Mihr’in sınanmak, arınmak, erginlenmek ve birlikle ebedîleşerek nihayete eren manevî dönüşümünün yol hikâyesidir. Mihr, hikâye boyunca gerçek aşkın ateşinde yanarak ezelde aşina olduğu sevgiliyi bulma ve o yolda kemale ermeye yazgılı bir âşık hüviyetindedir.

“Originally published in 1896.”

In the following pages my aim has been to sketch the development of criticism, and particularly of critical method, in England; and to illustrate each phase of its growth by one or two samples taken from the most typical writers. I have in no way attempted to make a full collection of what might be thought the most striking pieces of criticism to be found in our literature.

Owing to the great wealth of such writing produced during the last sixty years, it is clearly impossible to give so complete a picture of what has been done in this period as in others. I am obliged to content myself with one specimen of one writer. But that is the writer who, in the opinion of many, is the most remarkable of all English critics. For the permission, so kindly granted, to include the Essay on Sandro Botticelli I desire to offer my sincerest thanks to Messrs. Macmillan and to the other representatives of the late Mr. Pater.

It may seem strange to close a volume of literary criticism with a study on the work and temperament of a painter. I have been led to do so for more than one reason. A noticeable tendency of modern criticism, from the time of Burke and Lessing, has been to break down the barrier between poetry and the kindred arts; and it is perhaps well that this tendency should find expression in the following selection. But a further reason is that Mr. Pater was never so much himself, was never so entirely master of his craft, as when interpreting the secrets of form and colour. Most of all was this the case when he had chosen for his theme one who, like Botticelli, “is before all things a poetical painter”.

1. E. VAUGHAN

February, 1896.