The change of the geopolitical realities, the emergence of new regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have also changed current perspectives in the region. Fully revised and updated to cover the latest informations and developments, the book will provide comprehensive, accessible and successful introduction for those who are interested in the Central Asia region. As the editors, we have filled a long-neglected gap by producing a volume that authoritatively covers the states of the region. The book will become a definitive text for the teaching as it presents in-depth explorations of systemic and sophisticated way of understanding the actors and processes and offers case study encompassing many subjects about Central Asia. It conbines old and new perspectives with discerning care.

This book –The Changing Perspectives of Central Asia in the 21^st Century- has provided readers with prominent knowledge of independence period, actors, minority issues, nation-state building process, energy, security, water, boundary, regional integration and foreign policies of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan with each other and with Russia, China, America, the EU and Turkey. The book claims that geopolitical realities, regional dynamics and the perception of security in Central Asia have changed. Thus, the book focuses on environmental degradation, cyber insecurity and social unrest triggered by sovereign debt traps. These discussions highlight the necessity to reconsider the traditional perception of security as the analysis has to go beyond the state to address a wide range of security threats.

Dr. Murat YORULMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Trakya University, Edirne.

Dr. Serdar YILMAZ is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla.

Adam Smith, with “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” published in 1776 is unanimously hailed as the founder of economics as a social science and also of “economic liberalism” or “capitalism” as it is called to contrast it with “socialism”, the latter propagated by K. Marx at a later date.

The group of economists that followed A.Smith, including such notable names as D.Ricardo, N.W.Senior, John Stuart Mill, culminating in Alfred Marshall (1890: Principles of Economics) is called the “Classical School” or alternately the “Manchester School” to refer to their place of origin. Their macroeconomic system is called the “Classical System”. Having accepted the Malthusian law of population (T.Robert Malthus: 1798 Essays on the Principle of Population) D. Ricardo had come up with a model in which growth eventually comes to a halt, moving to that point, however, all along at full employment equilibrium.This was also in line with the views of Adam Smith. Marshall had introduced the concept of elasticities and used the partial method of analysis. In contrast, Leon Walras, in his “Eléments d’Economie Pure ou Theorie de La Richesse Sociale” used the general equilibrium approach to prove that the economy arrives automatically to full employment equilibrium, following Adam Smith and the Classical School.

This book offers a summary of the basic views and conclusions of Adam Smith concerning economic regime, as is also followed by the rest of the members of the Classical School: In a milieu of perfect competition prevailing in all the markets or sectors of the economy, including the labor market, full employment equilibrium will be achieved automatically. This equilibrium will, therefore, also maximize the welfare of the workers because the market wage rate, with no intrusions from the government or the unions, will have ensured full employment. Hence, there is no need for interventionism, that is, for the state to intervene prices, wages, channeling of investments and economic decisions in general.

Finansal piyasalarda risk ölçüsü olarak kullanılan Riske Maruz Değer (VaR), belirli bir zaman periyodunda ve güven düzeyinde elde tutulan portföyün uğrayacağı maksimum kaybı para miktarı olarak ifade eder. VaR, portföyün mümkün kayıplarının istatistiksel ölçüsünü özetleyen tek bir rakam olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle, yönetici kadrolarının ortaya çıkan tek bir rakama bakarak riskin karşılanabilir olup olmadığına dair karar almalarına yardımcı olmakta, dolayısıyla riskten korunmalarını sağlamaktadır. Finansal raporlarda sunulma zorunluğu bulunan VaR, piyasalarda faaliyet gösteren kurumlar tarafından da geniş kabul görmektedir.

Bu kitap finansal risk ölçümünde kullanılan VaR hesaplama yöntemlerini hem teorik hem de uygulamalı olarak ele almaktadır. Ayrıca bölüm sonlarında yer alan VaR uygulamalarına ait R kodları kitabın sonunda okuyucuya sunulmaktadır. Kitapta bulunan konular ana başlıklar ile aşağıdaki gibidir:

–      Risk Kavramı ve Ölçülmesi

–      Riske Maruz Değer (VaR)

–      Tutarlı Risk Ölçülerinin Özellikleri

–      Koşullu VaR

–      Varyans-Kovaryans Yaklaşımı

–      Tarihi Simülasyon Yaklaşımı

–      Monte Carlo Yaklaşımı

–      Hareketli Ortalamalarla Volatilile Modeli

–      Geriye Dönük Test

–      R Ugyulama Kodları