The aim of this book is to study William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus (1594), Macbeth (1606), and King Lear (1608), as examples of the state of rivalry which, as the study asserts, is related to Thomas Hobbes’ theory of the state of nature, and René Girard’s theory of mimetic desire. To this end, the state of nature, mimetic desire, and the state of rivalry are studied with their origins, definitions, types, and characteristics. The state of nature refers to the state of man who is egotistic, and self-preserving. A man in this state believes in equality by birth. In this state, man is at war against one another, as there is no (or lack of) authority to keep everyone secure. However, there may be human beings who are in that state even in a civil society under the dominion of an authority. They may secretly put manipulative plans into action for personal gains. Such an authority constructs order by the help of civil laws to prevent any disobedience and civil strife. In time of disobedience, this condition may spread around like a contagious disease. Among the reasons that lead to such a conflict, for Hobbes, are competition, diffidence, and glory. These notions have parallels with mimetic desire. Mimetic desire refers to man’s mediated desire toward an object. Imitating a mediator brings forth rivalry since the desired object ascertains competition. Therefore, mimetic desire has a triangular structure: mediator as the model, the desirer, and the desired object. The study concludes that the characteristics of, and the relationship between the state of nature, and mimetic desire are conducive to the state of rivalry in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, and King Lear.

Short Stories in ELT Classes is a book which consists of ten widely known short stories in literature. The stories were purposefully chosen as they were suitable to enhance the critical thinking skills (comprehension, analysis, evaluation and synthesis) of students in ELT (English Language Teaching) classes. Although the main notion that the initial goal of ELT is to provide students opportunities to develop language competence, the new trends in second language teaching indicates the significance of integrating literary texts in ELT classes at colleges and universities. Literature, particularly short stories, are authentic texts that enhance students’ language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening. In this book, each story was designed with –pre, while and –post reading questions and activities. While presenting universal themes such as morality, relationships, compassion, sacrifice, free will, equality, charity, maturity and experience, the stories in Short Stories in ELT Classes aims at providing

educators and teachers materials and texts to increase students’ awareness with class discussions and debates.