Adam Smith, with “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” published in 1776 is unanimously hailed as the founder of economics as a social science and also of “economic liberalism” or “capitalism” as it is called to contrast it with “socialism”, the latter propagated by K. Marx at a later date.

The group of economists that followed A.Smith, including such notable names as D.Ricardo, N.W.Senior, John Stuart Mill, culminating in Alfred Marshall (1890: Principles of Economics) is called the “Classical School” or alternately the “Manchester School” to refer to their place of origin. Their macroeconomic system is called the “Classical System”. Having accepted the Malthusian law of population (T.Robert Malthus: 1798 Essays on the Principle of Population) D. Ricardo had come up with a model in which growth eventually comes to a halt, moving to that point, however, all along at full employment equilibrium.This was also in line with the views of Adam Smith. Marshall had introduced the concept of elasticities and used the partial method of analysis. In contrast, Leon Walras, in his “Eléments d’Economie Pure ou Theorie de La Richesse Sociale” used the general equilibrium approach to prove that the economy arrives automatically to full employment equilibrium, following Adam Smith and the Classical School.

This book offers a summary of the basic views and conclusions of Adam Smith concerning economic regime, as is also followed by the rest of the members of the Classical School: In a milieu of perfect competition prevailing in all the markets or sectors of the economy, including the labor market, full employment equilibrium will be achieved automatically. This equilibrium will, therefore, also maximize the welfare of the workers because the market wage rate, with no intrusions from the government or the unions, will have ensured full employment. Hence, there is no need for interventionism, that is, for the state to intervene prices, wages, channeling of investments and economic decisions in general.

The book “Digital Transformation in Banking Industry – Financial Security, Audit and Business Perspective” explores the effect of digital transformation on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime by focusing on digital Know Your Client (eKYC), artificial intelligence in AML, crypto currency, and virtual assets by drawing attention on ongoing compliance challenges in “virtual assets era”. Furthermore, it explores Fintechs and future of conventional banking as well as remote auditing in banking industry.

This edition explores Fintechs and the future of conventional banking. This is to examine the Fintech structures that have recently gained great importance in the world and to evaluate the possible effects of the developments on traditional banking in the future. Considering the innovations that Fintech structures bring to payment systems, their impact on credit markets and the structure of blockchain-linked contracts, it is expected that they will have greater effects on the financial system in the future. In this context, the book analysis the effects of these structures on traditional banking by including the recent literature on the subject.

Remote auditing is one of the common methods that is suitable for today’s world with its flexible and technology-based structure. In our book we have dedicated a chapter which explores remote auditing (also known as virtual audit) and challenges as well as advantages of applying it.

A chapter is dedicated to AML Programs in Banking Industry in Covid-19 Era, which identifies challenges, good practices, and policy reactions to new ML/TF risks which can be also defined as financial security risks arising during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and due to impact of digital transformation in banking industry.

A special attention is dedicated to the artificial intelligence in AML structures in banking and the role of artificial intelligence for detecting money laundering cases by decreasing the number of “false alerts” and increasing the quality of “real matches”. The book explores the role of artificial intelligence on increasing the efficiency and decreasing the manual work on daily basis for AML Compliance Officers.

The book explores virtual currency and blockchain by identifying ongoing compliance challenges from decentralized platforms, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchangers, anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrencies, and “jurisdictional arbitrage” (the ability of criminal actors to route their activity through countries with weak AML/CFT regimes). Blockchain/ Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) applications aside, certain properties of Virtual Currencies (including VCs associated with Initial Coin Offering – ICOs) entail special Financial Crimes Compliance (FCC) risks, some of which are detailed in our book.

Nowadays the Digital Identity (DI) services help financial institutions, especially banking industry, to offer several services efficiently and properly to their clients. By keeping this in mind, the measures for Covid-19, offering services in distance remains the best solution in the market. The DI provides provable and sharable identity, which is particularly important when on-boarding clients but also has a key protection role to play when users are transacting. In our book we have dedicated a chapter related to digital ID system and eKYC.

We believe this edition contributes to current literature for the effect of digital transformation in banking industry from the financial security, audit and business perspective and it is important for compliance officers and bankers, policy makers, strategists, academics, students, and professionals in the field of compliance.

Nakit bütçeleri de nakit yönetiminde kullanılan en önemli araçlardan biridir. Bir planlama aracı olarak nakit bütçeleri oluşturulurken tek bir faaliyet hacmine bağlı kalınması, nakit bütçelerine değişimlerin yansıtılmamasına neden olarak işletmenin gelecekteki nakit akışları hakkında doğru ve güvenilir bilgiler sunmayacaktır. Belirsizlik ve rassallığın ön planda olduğu durumlarda, hazırlanacak olan nakit bütçelerinin mevcut koşulların dışında karşılaşılabilecek tüm değişimleri içerir bir yapıya sahip olması gereklidir. Hazırlanacak nakit bütçeleri yönetime, nakit bütçesi değişkenlerinin aralarındaki ilişki veya değişkenlerin işletmenin nakit dengesi üzerindeki etkisini görebilme diğer bir ifadeyle yönetime farklı senaryolar sunarak bu senaryolara göre gelecekte karşılaşabilecekleri durumu öngörebilme ve bu doğrultuda geleceklerini planlayabilme imkânı vermelidir. Bu amaçla işletmelere önerilecek tekniklerden biri simülasyondur.

Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, deterministik simülasyon tekniğini kullanarak nakit bütçesi üzerinde senaryo analizi yapmak ve Monte Carlo simülasyonu tekniğini kullanmak suretiyle işletmelerin geleceğe yönelik nakit akışlarının planlanmasına ilişkin bir yapı sunmaktır.

Bu amaçla çalışmada, nakit bütçesi ve simülasyon tekniği anlatılarak, bir üretim işletmesinin verilerinden faydalanmak suretiyle simülasyon tekniği ile nakit bütçeleri oluşturulup işletmelere farklı koşullar altındaki nakit durumlarını görmelerine ve risk değerlendirmesi yapabilmelerine olanak verecek bir yaklaşım ortaya konulmuştur. Sonrasında Monte Carlo simülasyon tekniğinin uygulanması suretiyle nakit bütçesinin temel dinamikliklerindeki değişiklikleri öngörmek suretiyle gelecek faaliyet dönemine ilişkin nakit açık ve fazlasının ne kadar olacağının öngörülmesine ilişkin bir yapı sunulmuştur.